Cattle farmers face new pollution permits

The Labour government plans to introduce environmental protection licensing for cattle farmers, bringing the sector into line with the pig and poultry industries.

This is part of a wider overhaul of England’s water system aimed at cutting river pollution.

The move, set out alongside the water white paper, reflects concerns about the impact of agriculture on water quality.

Government figures show agriculture is responsible for about 40% of river and groundwater pollution in England. However, the plans have prompted concern from the farming industry.

See also: What to expect from an EA inspection on farm

NFU vice-president Rachel Hallos said: “We are concerned about any expansion of permitting to include cattle.

“Such a change could have a direct impact on farm business growth at a time when increasing growth is a core mission of this government.”

She added that any expansion “must involve meaningful consultation with industry”.

Upland beef and sheep farmer Jane Bassett, who is based in the Peak District, agreed: “It’s important they consult with industry. We cannot stand any more costs being landed at our door.”

Somerset beef farmer James Winslade said: “This is yet another blow for farmers who are already in the doldrums.

“We try our best to keep slurry and manure out of rivers, not just pouring it in like water companies still do. Has the government also considered the impact of wildlife on river pollution?

“I have an estate agent friend who says he’s never seen so many farms up for sale. Farmers, including young farmers, are just giving up and emigrating. Who could blame them?”

According to Defra, while environmental permitting already applies to large pig and poultry units – with more than 90% of inspected businesses showing good compliance – cattle farming has recorded “poor compliance rates” with existing water rules during Environment Agency inspections.

Ministers say extending permitting would help target environmental risks more effectively and create a clearer, more consistent regulatory framework.

Defra has yet to publish cost figures for cattle pollution permits, with fee schedules expected to form part of a consultation in early 2026.

Sewage sludge 

The consultation will also consider how sewage sludge is regulated, including whether its use in agriculture should be brought within the Environmental Permitting Regime.

Ministers say this will help ensure sewage and agricultural pollution are tackled through a more joined-up, prevention-first approach.

The government has already committed to doubling funding for farm inspections, enabling at least 6,000 inspections a year by 2029, alongside advice and grants to support farmers in reducing pollution.

A Defra spokesman said: “Agriculture is a key source of water pollution affecting more than 40% of waterbodies in England.

“Our white paper sets out once-in-a-generation reforms to tackle all forms of pollution, including from farming, and we will be engaging with farmers on proposals.”